F. Cianciosi, A.-L. Buisson, P. Tafforeau, P. Van Vaerenbergh
ESRF, Grenoble, France
BM18 is an ESRF-EBS beamline for hierarchical tomography, it will combine sub-micron precision and the possibility to scan very large samples. The applications will include biomedical imaging, material sciences and cultural heritage. It will allow the complete scanning of a post-mortem human body at 25 µm, with the ability to zoom-in in any location to 0.7 µm. BM18 is exploiting the high-energy-coherence beam of the new EBS storage ring. The X-ray source is a short tripole wiggler that gives a 300mm-wide beam at the sample position placed 172m away from the source. Due to this beam size, nearly all of the instruments are devel-oped in-house. A new building was constructed to ac-commodate the largest synchrotron white-beam Experi-mental Hutch worldwide (42x5-6m). The main optical components are refractive lenses, slits, filters and a chop-per. There is no crystal monochromator present but the combination of the optical elements will provide high quality filtered white beams, as well as an inline mono-chromator system. The energy will span from 25 to 350 keV. The Experimental Hutch is connected by a 120m long UHV pipe with a large window at the end, followed by a last set of slits. The sample stage can position, rotate and monitor with sub-micron precision samples up to 2,5x0.6m (H x Diam.) and 300kg. The resulting machine is 4x3x5m and weighs 50 tons. The girder for detectors carries up to 9 detectors on individual 2-axis stages. It moves on air-pads on a precision marble floor up to 38m behind the sample stage to perform phase contrast imag-ing at a very high energy on large objects. The commissioning is scheduled for the beginning of 2022; the first ’friendly users’ are expected in March 2022 and the full operation will start in September 2022.
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Control DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APSU) scope for insertion devices (IDs) and ID vacuum systems is extensive. Thirty-five of the 40 straight sections in the storage ring will be retrofitted with new 4.8-meter-long Superconducting Undulators (SCUs) or a mix of new and reused Hybrid-Permanent Magnet Undulators (HPMUs). All 35 ID straight sections will require new vacuum systems and new HPMU control systems. Production is well underway at multiple manufacturing sites around the world for these components. Simultaneously, ID assembly and HPMU tuning is occurring onsite at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). In addition to component production and assembly/tuning activities, our team also started the ID swap out program at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) in late 2020. This program allows us to remove HPMUs intended for reuse from the APS storage ring and retune them to meet the APSU magnetic specifications to reduce the tuning workload during dark time. These activities have presented technical and logistical challenges that are as unique as the components themselves. Additionally, the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic presented unforeseen challenges that required new work processes to be created to sustain pace and quality of work while maintaining the high workplace safety standards required at Argonne. This paper will summarize the many challenges we encountered during the course of the project and how they were overcome.
E. Al-Dmour, M.J. Grabski, K. Åhnberg
MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
The 3 GeV electron storage ring of the MAX IV laboratory is the first storage-ring-based synchrotron radiation facility with small aperture and with the inner surface of almost all the vacuum chambers along its circumference coated with non-evaporable getter (NEG) thin film. This concept implies challenges during the whole project phase from design into operation. The fast conditioning of the vacuum system and over five years of reliable accelerator operation have demonstrated that the chosen design proved to be good and does not impose limits on the operation. A summary of the vacuum system design, production, installation and performance is presented.
A. Crisol, F. Bisti, C. Colldelram, M.L. Llonch, B. Molas, R. Monge, J. Nicolás, L. Nikitina, M. Quispe, L. Ribó, M. Tallarida
ALBA-CELLS Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
LOREA beamline (BL20) at ALBA Synchrotron is a new soft X-Ray beamline dedicated to investigate electronic structure of solids by means ARPES technique. Optical design has been developed in-house so as most of beamline core opto-mechanics like Monochromator. The design made for LOREA is based on a Hettrick-Underwood grating type that operates without entrance slit. Experience cumulated over years allowed to face the challenge of designing and building UHV Monochromator. The large energy range of LOREA (10-100 eV) requires a device with 3 mirrors and 4 gratings with variable line spacing to reduce aberrations. Monochromator most important part, gratings system, has been carefully designed to be isolated from external disturbances as cooling water, and at the same time having high performances. Deep analytical calculations and FEA simulations have been carried out, as well as testing prototypes. The most innovative part of Monochromator is gratings cooling with no vacuum guards or double piping that are well-known source of troubles. Heat load is removed by copper straps in contact with a temperature controller device connected to fixed water lines. In addition, motion mechanics and services (cabling, cooling) are independent systems. Designs involved give high stability (resonance modes over 60Hz) and angular resolution below 0.1 µrad over 11° range. On mirrors side, it has been used gonio mechanics from MIRAS* plus an eutectic InGa interface between cooling and optics to decouple them. Grating and mirror holders are fully removable from main mechanics to be able to assembled at lab measuring to achieve the best fit. Instrument has been already assembled and motions characterization or stability measurements are giving expected results matching with specifications. * L. Ribó et al., "MECHANICAL DESIGN OF MIRAS, INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY BEAM LINE AT ALBA SYNCHROTRON", presented at MEDSI’16, Barcelona, Spain, September 2016, doi:10.18429/JACoW-MEDSI2016-FRAA03
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M. Saveri Silva, M.P. Calcanha, G.V. Claudiano, A.F.M. Fontoura, B.A. Francisco, L.M. Kofukuda, F.R. Lena, F. Meneau, G.B.Z.L. Moreno, G.L.M.P. Rodrigues, L. Sanfelici, H.C.N. Tolentino, L.M. Volpe
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
J.H. Řežende
CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Funding:Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) Sirius, the Brazilian 4th-generation light source at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), presents high-performance requirements in terms of preserving photon-beam quality, particularly regarding wavefront integrity and position stability. In this context, it is imperative that many silicon optical elements* be effectively cooled, such that temperatures and their control-related parameters can be precisely handled to the point in which thermal effects are acceptable concerning figure distortions and drifts at different timescales. For this class of precision equipment, the required performance can only be achieved with robust thermal management.** For this, relevant aspects related to the implementation of liquid nitrogen cooling systems need to be emphasized. Currently, two solutions are present at the first-phase beamlines, according to the component thermal load: (1) an in-house low-cost system for components under moderate loads (< 50 W), such as the mirror systems and the four-bounce monochromators, comprising a commercial cryostat connected to an instrumented vessel, whose level and pressure are controlled by the standard beamline automation system that can automatically feed it from a secondary service unit or a dedicated transfer line; (2) a commercial cryocooler for high-heat-load applications (50 - 3000 W), such as the double-crystal monochromators. This work presents the in-house solution: requirements, design aspects, operation range, as well as several discoveries and improvements deployed during the commissioning of the CATERETÊ and the CARNAÚBA beamlines, such as the prevention of ice formation, stabilization of both thermal load and flow-rate, and auto-filling parameters, among others. *TOLENTINO. Innovative instruments (…) for the CARNAÚBA beamline at Sirius-LNLS. SRI (2018). **VOLPE. Performance validation of the thermal model for optical components. Submit to MEDSI (2020)
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under Control DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Component Database (CDB) is a document management platform created for the use of the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APSU) Project. It serves two major functions: (1) a centralized location to link all data relating to field-replaceable upgrade components, and (2) a way to track the components throughout the machine’s 25-year lifetime. There are four (4) Superconducting Undulators (SCUs): two (2) Inline 16.5mm period devices, one (1) Canted 16.5mm period device, and one (1) Canted 18.5mm period device. Throughout the production process for these devices, tracking components between the different designs of SCU’s has proven to be a logistical issue, as there are uniform components among all 4 devices, but many unique components as well. As the scope evolved from a Research and Development (R&D) activity to a production scope, the CDB has been critical in communicating with a growing team, allowing anyone to identify a part or assembly and access all its design and manufacturing data. The 4.8-meter long SCUs are the first of their kind, requiring thorough onsite inspections, intricate assembly procedurals, and approved safety protocols. This is ideal information to document in an electronic traveler (e-traveler), which can then be attached to an item within the CDB. By providing a straightforward process for technicians to follow, the risk of miscommunication and unsafe practices are minimized. The CDB plays a vital role in simplifying and optimizing the transition of the SCU from an R&D unit to a production scope, from procurement to inspection, assembly and installation, and throughout the lifespan of machine maintenance.
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Control DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APSU) includes 40 straight sections, 35 of which will be outfitted with Superconducting Undulators (SCUs) or Hybrid-Permanent Magnetic Undulators (HPMUs). The vacuum systems for these devices are primarily fabricated from aluminum extrusions and are required to provide Ultra-High Vacuum continuity between storage ring (SR) sec-tors for a nominal distance of ~5.4 meters. Each vacuum system has unique fabrication challenges, but all first article (FA) components have been produced successfully. The FAs arrived onsite at ANL installation-ready, but have undergone functional testing activities to verify the production and vacuum certifications. The Insertion Device Vacuum Chamber (IDVC), used in HPMU sec-tors, is produced by SAES Rial Vacuum (Parma, Italy). The SCU vacuum system components are produced by two vendors, Cinel Instruments (Venice, Italy) and Anderson Dahlen (Ramsey, MN, USA). Based on the reliable outcomes and lessons learned from the FAs, production of the straight section vacuum systems is underway.
Front ends of the NSLS-II storage ring have numerous design requirements to ensure equipment and personal safety aspects of their designs. These design requirements, especially many pertaining to ray tracings, have gradually become overly stringent and a review is underway to simplify them for building future front ends. As a part of this effort we have assembled the front-end design requirements used in several other light sources. In this paper the assembled design requirements are discussed in comparison with those currently in use at NSLS-II.
M.V. Fisher, A.A. Khan, J.J. Knopp
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility, operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. An electronic autocollimator is a valuable tool that can assist in the alignment of optical beamline components such as mirrors and monochromators. It is also a powerful tool for in situ diagnoses of the mechanical behavior of such components. This can include the repeatability of crystals, gratings, and mirrors as they are rotated; the parasitic errors of these same optical elements as they are rotated and/or translated; and the repeatability and parasitic errors as bendable mirrors are actuated. The autocollimator can even be used to establish a secondary reference if such components require servicing. This paper will provide examples of such alignments, diagnoses, and references that have been made with an autocollimator on existing and recently commissioned beam-lines at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). In addition, this paper will discuss how this experience influenced the specifications and subsequent designs of the new primary high-heat-load mirror systems (PHHLMS) that are currently under fabrication for six of the APS Up-grade (APS-U) feature beamlines. Each mirror was specified to provide in situ line-of-sight access for an autocollimator to either the center of the mirror’s optical surface or to a smaller polished surface centered on the backside of each mirror substrate. This line of sight will be used for initial alignment of the mirror and will be available for in situ diagnoses if required in the future.
N.A. Boiadjieva, D.M. Fritz, T. Rabedeau
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
Beam collimation is crucial to maintaining machine and personnel safety during LCLS-II operation. The high density of optics and beam transport components needed to steer the beam to multiple beam lines places a premium on compact collimator design. This presentation discusses a compact collimator consisting of an X-ray beam power collimator, a burn through monitor (BTM) designed to detect failure of the X-ray beam collimator, and a Bremsstrahlung collimator. The collimator body is a monolith machined from CuCrZr (C18150) that eliminates costly braze operations and reduces assembly time and complexity. Sintered high thermal conductivity SiC is employed as the X-ray absorber with design provisions incorporated to permit the inclusion of additional absorbers (e.g. diamond). The allowed FEL beam power is limited to 100W. Finite element analyses ensure that the power absorber remains in safe temperature and stress regimes under the maximum power loading and smallest expected beam dimensions. The beam power will be limited via credited controls placed on the electron beam. Beam containment requirements stipulate the inclusion of a monitor to detect burn through events owing to absorber failure. The BTM is a gas-filled, thin wall vessel which, if illuminated by the beam, will burn through and release the contained gas and trip pressure switches that initiate beam shutdown. The beam absorber and BTM shadow the Bremsstrahlung collimator shielding after appropriate propagation of manufacturing, assembly, and installation tolerances. Tooling is developed to minimize assembly complexity and ensure minimal alignment errors.
S.P. Kearney, S. Chen, B. Lai, J. Maser, T. Mooney, D. Shu
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The In Situ Nanoprobe (ISN, 19-ID) beamline will be a new best-in-class long beamline to be constructed as part of the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) project*,**. To achieve long working distance at high spatial resolution, the ISN instrument will be positioned 210 m downstream of the x-ray source, in a dedicated satellite building, currently under construction***. The ISN instrument will use a nano-focusing Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) mirror system, which will focus hard x-rays to a focal spot as small as 20 nm, with a large working distance of 61 mm. The large working distance provides space for various in situ sample cells for x-ray fluorescence tomography and ptychographic 3D imaging, allows the use of a separate, independent vacuum chambers for the optics and sample, and provides the flexibility to run experiments in vacuum or at ambient pressure. A consequence of the small spot size and large working distance is the requirement for high angular stability of the KB mirrors (5 nrad V-mirror and 16 nrad H-mirror) and high relative stability between focus spot and sample (4 nmRMS). Additional features include fly-scanning a maximum of a 2 kg sample plus in situ cell at 1 mm/s in vertical and/or horizontal directions over an area of 10 mm x 10 mm. Environmental capabilities will include heating and cooling, flow of fluids and applied fields, as required for electrochemistry and flow of gases at high temperature for catalysis. To achieve these features and precise requirements we have used precision engineering fundamentals to guide the design process. We will discuss in detail the current design of the instrument focusing on the precision engineering used to achieve the stability, metrology, and positioning requirements. * J. Maser, et al. Metal and Mat Trans A (2014) 45: 85. ** J. Maser, et al. Microsc. Microanal. 24 (Suppl 2), 2018. *** S. P. Kearney, et al. Synchrotron Radiat. News Volume 32 (5), 2019.
O.K. Mulvany, B. Billett, B. Brajuskovic, J.A. Carter, A. McElderry, R.R. Swanson
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Advanced Photon Source Upgrade storage ring arc vacuum system features a diverse set of photon beam-intercepting components, including five discrete photon absorbers and a series of small-aperture vacuum chambers that shadow downstream components. The discrete photon absorbers, typically fabricated from electron beam-welded GlidCop AL-15, are subject to heat loads ranging from approximately 170 to 3400 watts, with a peak power density up to approximately 610 W/mm2 at normal incidence. Four of the five photon absorber designs are housed in vacuum chambers, including three that are mounted to the antechambers of curved aluminum extrusion-based L-bend vacuum chambers and one that is mounted to a stainless steel vacuum-pumping cross. Furthermore, two of the photon absorbers that are mounted to L-bend vacuum chambers are equipped with position-adjustment mechanisms, which are necessitated by the challenging design and fabrication of the curved vacuum chambers. The fifth photon absorber, unlike the rest, is a brazed design that is integral in sealing the vacuum system and intercepts approximately 170 watts. Each photon absorber design was optimized with thermal-structural finite element analyses while ensuring functional and spatial requirements were met. Some of these requirements include meeting internal high-heat-load component design criteria, respecting challenging component interfaces and alignment requirements, and minimizing impedance effects. Furthermore, photon beam scattering effects called for the use of scattering shields on three designs to minimize potential heating of vacuum chambers. This paper details the careful balance of functionality and manufacturability, and the overall design process followed to achieve the final designs.
A. McElderry, B. Billett, J.A. Carter, O.K. Mulvany
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) storage ring arc consists of a diverse system of nar-row-aperture chambers in compact magnet assemblies with gaps often less than 1 mm. The vacuum system contains two stainless steel pumping crosses and two keyhole-shaped vacuum chambers, as well as eight non-evaporative getter (NEG) coated aluminum cham-bers and crosses per sector (40 total sectors). Each chamber contains a 22 mm diameter electron beam aperture and the keyhole components also feature a photon extraction antechamber. Each design balances functionality, manufacturability, and installation needs. The design process was aided by a flexible CAD skeleton model which allowed for easier adjustments. Synchrotron radiation heat loads applied to inline chamber photon absorbers and photon extraction beam envelopes were determined via a 3D ray tracing CAD model. The inline photon absorber and the key-hole shapes were optimized using iterative thermal-structural FEA. Focus was put on mesh quality to mod-el the <0.5 mm tall synchrotron radiation heat load absorbed across the length of the chamber to verify cooling parameters. The design process also required careful routing of the water system and vacuum pumps. The designs incorporate beam physics con-straints of the inline absorbers, cross-housed discrete absorbers, and pumping slots.
D. Shu, J.W.J. Anton, L. Assoufid, W.G. Jansma, S.P. Kearney, K.-J. Kim, R.R. Lindberg, S.T. Mashrafi, X. Shi, Yu. Shvyd’ko, W.F. Toter, M. White
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
H. Bassan, F.-J. Decker, G.L. Gassner, Z. Huang, G. Marcus, H.-D. Nuhn, T.-F. Tan, D. Zhu
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH1 1357 (ANL) and DE-AC02-76SF00515 (SLAC). The concept behind the cavity-based X-ray FELs (CBXFELs) such as the X-ray free-electron laser oscillator (XFELO)* and the X-ray regenerative amplifier free-electron laser (XRAFEL)** is to form an X-ray cavity with a set of narrow bandwidth diamond Bragg crystals. Storing and recirculating the output of an amplifier in an X- ray cavity so that the X-ray pulse can interact with following fresh electron bunches over many passes enables the development of full temporal coherence. One of the key challenges to forming the X-ray cavity is the precision of the cavity mechanical system design and construction. In this paper, we present conceptual design of the cavity mechanical system that is currently under development for use in a proof-of-principle cavity-based X-ray free electron laser experiment at the LCLS-II at SLAC. *Kwang-Je Kim et al., TUPRB096, Proceedings of IPAC2019 **Gabe Marcus et al., TUD04, Proceedings of IPAC2019
Y. Sato
Yokohama National University, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama, Japan
A.H. Hashimoto, M. Yamanaka
NIMS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
T. Kikuchi, K. Mase
KEK, Tsukuba, Japan
T. Miyazawa
Sokendai, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
S. Ohno
Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
Funding:This work was partly supported by a JSPS KAKENHI (JP19K05280), a TIA-Kakehashi (TK19-035), and the 2019 Takahashi Industrial Economic Research Foundation grant, and was supported by NIMS TEM Station. We have developed a zero-length conflat fin-type nonevaporable getter (NEG) pump that uses oxygen-free palladium/titanium (Pd/Ti)*. After baking at 150 degrees centigrade for 12 h, the pumping speeds of the NEG pump for H2 and CO were 2350~800 L/s and 1560~20 L/s, respectively, in the pumped-quantity range 0.01~30 Pa L. The morphologies of oxygen-free Pd/Ti films on the partition plates and the base plate were examined by scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Ti was completely coated with Pd on the bottom, whereas the partition plates were covered by Pd/Ti nanostructures. Our new NEG pump is ideal for maintaining ultrahigh vacuums in the range 10-8 to 10-9 Pa, because (a) its pumping speeds for H2 and CO are quite large, (b) it can evacuate H2O and CO2 when an ionization gauge is used in the vacuum system, (3) it can be activated by baking at 150 degrees centigrade for 12 h, (c) its pumping speed does not decrease even after 9 cycles of pumping, baking, cooling to room temperature, and exposure to air**, (5) it requires neither a dedicated power supply nor electric feedthroughs, and (6) it is space saving and lightweight. *T. Miyazawa et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 36, 051601 (2018). **T. Kikuchi et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 2054, 060046 (2019).
M. Ono, I. Yoshikawa, K. Yoshioka
University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
T. Kikuchi, K. Mase
KEK, Tsukuba, Japan
K. Mase
Sokendai, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Y. Masuda, Y. Nakayama
Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
S. Ohno
Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
K. Ozawa
TIT, Tokyo, Japan
Y. Sato
Yokohama National University, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama, Japan
Funding:This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI (17K05067, 19K05280) and TIA-Kakehashi (TK19-035, TK20-026). The XPS measurements were performed under the Photon Factory proposal (2018S2-005). Although nonevaporable getter (NEG) pumps are widely used in synchrotron radiation facilities, pure metal Titanium (Ti) has not been used as a NEG because the activation temperature of a Ti thin film deposited by DC magnetron sputtering was reported to be 350-400 °C*. Recently Miyazawa et al. found that high-purity Ti deposited under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) followed by N2 introduction works as a NEG with an activation temperature of 185 °C**,***. Since the concentration of impurities such as O, C, and N in the Ti thin film prepared by this method is 0.05% or less, we named this as oxygen-free Ti. In this study, we evaluated the pumping properties of oxygen-free Ti thin films after high-purity N2 introduction by total and partial pressure measurements. A vacuum vessel with oxygen-free Ti deposited on the inner walls was found to pump H2, H2O, O2, CO and CO2 even after 30 cycles of high purity N2 introduction, air exposure, pumping, and baking at 185 °C. Furthermore, we analyzed the oxygen-free Ti thin films after high-purity N2 or air introduction by synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that more TiN was formed when high-purity N2 was introduced after oxygen-free Ti deposition. High purity of the Ti thin film and TiN formation on the surface seem to be responsible for the reduced activation temperature as low as 185 °C. *C. Benvenuti et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 16, 148 (1998). **T. Miyazawa et al., Vac. Surf. Sci. 61, 227 (2018). ***KEK, patent pending, WO2018097325 (Nov. 28, 2017).
H.Y. He, H. Song
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
J.M. Liu
DNSC, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
R.H. Liu, G.Y. Wang
IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
Leak detection is the key to get a good vacuum system. For the dangerous areas, or facility with complicit structure required to be detected online, it is a hard mask to seek for the suspected leaks one after another. After studying the basic principle of helium mass leak detection, design a remote leak detector based on the PLC, as well as multi monitoring cameras, which can achieve successful injection and sniffer probe leak detection in the range of 270 degree. Compared with the manual operation, this device aims at accurately and reliably detecting leak rate, which can greatly provide technique support of online leak detection. And it can bring the value of reducing the labor intensity and ensuring personal safety.
W.F. Sheng, H. Liang, Y.S. Lu, Z. Zhang
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Funding:This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No.11905243). The stability of beamline optics directly affects the beamline’s performances, such as coherence, focal size, position stability of the beam and so on, it has become a serious issue for a low emittance 4th generation light source. The vibration transmitting function of supports plays a big role in the stability performance of the optics. In order to find out a stable supporting structure, several types of support structures were tested, and the transfer ratio were described. The result shows that wedge struc-tures generally have a lower transfer ratio, and point contact support structures should be avoided.
X.J. Nie, L. Kang, R.H. Liu, S.K. Tian
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
J.X. Chen, H.Y. He, L. Liu, C.J. Ning, A.X. Wang, G.Y. Wang, J.B. Yu, Y.J. Yu, J.S. Zhang, D.H. Zhu
IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
The design of shield structure for bellow is an im-portant content for the research of beam position monitor (BPM). The bellow shield structure consists of contact fingers and spring fingers. Several alternative schemes for bellow shield were achieved based on BPM detailed structure. The optimal scheme was achieved by the im-pedance simulation analysis with CST. The dimension of the contact finger was decided based on the length of BPM with the stress condition. The C-type string was manufactured and the spring force was measured as well.
J.B. Yu, J.X. Chen, H.Y. He, L. Liu, R.H. Liu, X.J. Nie, C.J. Ning, G.Y. Wang, A.X. Wang, Y.J. Yu, J.S. Zhang, D.H. Zhu
IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
L. Kang
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Funding:Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province:2018A030313959 In order to protect the equipment such as BPM at low energy transport line (LB), a momentum collimator is designed with one movable absorber. This paper will show the mechanical design and manufacturing of the collimator.
B.K. Popovic, S.H. Lee, S. Sorsher, K.J. Suthar, E. Trakhtenberg, G.J. Waldschmidt, A. Zholents
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
A.E. Siy
UW-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Funding:This manuscript is based upon work supported by Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) funding from Argonne National Laboratory This paper outlines the design of a diamond vacuum window and a millimeter wavelength (mmWave) waveguide assembly that will hold vacuum but still allow the mmWaves to propagate out of the structure for diagnosis and thermal management purposes. Currently under development at Argonne is a corrugated wakefield accelerator (CWA) that will operate at mmWave frequencies, with its fundamental mode of operation at 180 GHz, and relatively high power levels, up to 600 W. The fundamental mode needs to be extracted from the accelerator at approximately every 0.5 m to prevent the unwanted heating of the accelerator structure. Therefore, the structure is intentionally designed so this fundamental mode does not propagate further, instead it is transmitted through the waveguide assembly under vacuum and out via the vacuum window. As a result of the relatively high mmWave power densities, CVD diamond was chosen as the vacuum window material, due to its low electromagnetic losses, mechanical strength, and for its superior thermo-physical properties. Mechanically it is necessary to be able to hold the tight tolerances necessary for windows performance at millimeter wavelengths. Other mechanical difficulties involve assembly of the window due to CVD diamond material and preservation of ultra high vacuum even if the integrity of the CVD diamond window is somehow compromised.
K.J. Suthar, S. Sorsher, E. Trakhtenberg, A. Zholents
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:This is based upon work supported by LDRD funding from Argonne National Laboratory, provided by the Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The vacuum level in a 2 mm diameter, 0.5 m-long copper corrugated waveguide tube proposed* for a compact high repetition rate wakefield accelerator has been investigated. The analytical calculations have been found to be in good agreement with a result of computer modeling using a finite element method. A representative experiment has been conducted using a smooth copper tube with the same diameter as the corrugated tube and a 1/3 length of the corrugated tube. The vacuum level calculated for this experiment agrees well with the measurement. *A. Zholentset et al., inProc. 9th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC’18), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 29 April-04 May 2018, ser. IPAC Conference, pp. 1266’1268.
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract No. DE-AC02-D6CH11357 The world of beamline science is often fast-paced and dynamic. One of the major challenges in this environment is to be able to design, manufacture and then implement new items for use on the beamlines in a fast and accurate manner. Many times, this involves iterating the design to address unknown or new variables which were not present at the beginning of the project planning task. Through the use of additive manufacturing, I have been able to support the user programs of various (APS) Advanced Photon Source beamlines* across multiple scientific disciplines. I will provide a few detailed examples of Items that were created for specific beamline applications and discuss what benefits they provided to the pertinent project. I will also talk about why choosing consumer-level printer options to produce the parts has been the direction I went and the pros and cons of this decision. Primarily, this choice allowed for quicker turnaround times and the ability to make more frequent changes in an efficient manner. Currently, we are utilizing only the fused deposition modeling (FDM) type printers but I am exploring the addition of UV-activated resin printing, exotic materials that can be utilized using the current toolset, and the possibility of commercial metal printing systems. This technology has been a game-changer for the implementation of new support items and instrumentation over the last couple of years for the different disciplines I am supporting. I will discuss how the roadmap ahead and what the evolving technologies could potentially allow us to do. *Thanks to the members of the DYS, MM, and TRR groups for their collaboration.
F.R. Lena, G.V. Claudiano, J.C. Corsaletti, R.R. Geraldes, D.Y. Kakizaki, R.L. Parise, M. Saveri Silva, M.S. Souza, L.M. Volpe
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
Funding:Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) The low emittance and high photon flux beam present at the 4th-generation Sirius synchrotron light source beamlines result in high energy densities and high heat loads at some specific X-ray optics such as monochromators and white beam mirrors. This challenges the design of such systems since the introduction of thermal stresses may lead to optical surface deformation and beam degradation. Thus, to keep the systems within acceptable deformations some of the optical elements are cryogenically cooled. However, this poses the requirements of decoupling the thermal sinks (cryostats) from the optics and the mechanisms to maintain their desired degrees of freedom for alignment and dynamic operation. In this context we present the development of low-stiffness copper-braid-based heat conductors, summarizing the motivation and main aspects regarding their fabrication and application at the beamlines.
S. Venkatesan, L. Barnsley, A.J. Clulow, A.P. Mazonowicz, C.J. Roy
AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia
G. Conesa-Zamora, R. Grubb, H. Hamedi, B. Jensen, C.S. Kamma-Lorger, V.I. Samardzic-Boban
ANSTO, Menai, New South Wales, Australia
The Biological Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (BioSAXS) beamline is the third beamline designed, developed and soon to be installed as part of BRIGHT Program at the Australian Synchrotron. The BioSAXS beamline will allow highly radiation sensitive samples to be studied at high flux. The beamline will offer increased efficiency, and data quality, for all liquid phase scattering experiments, allowing measurement of new and novel samples, and experiments, that otherwise would not be possible. The BioSAXS beamline will accommodate a wide range of experiments by offering a q-range of ~ 0.001 - 4 Å-1 and an optical design optimized for high flux (~5x1014 ph/s) x-rays. At this flux rate, BioSAXS will offer users one of the highest flux beamlines in the world. To achieve this, the beamline will use a superconducting undulator insertion device, double multilayer monochromator, and vertical and horizontal bending mirrors, providing flexibility in optical configurations. The beamline will primarily collect data in a fully unfocussed mode. BioSAXS will also be able to achieve a fully focused and a vertically focussed beam. This subsequent variation in the beam position at sample is accommodated through fully automated motion in 5 axes at the in-vacuum detector stage and 4 axes in the sample table. The design of these components allows smooth transition in camera lengths and improved signal to noise ratio. This paper presents the various engineering challenges in this high flux design, including thermal management of critical components, design developments to accommodate the various operational modes and various stages of the Photon Delivery System and Experimental Station components. The paper aims to present details of design, FEA results and approaches taken to solve problems.
Different experiments have different features, so does the optical design; however, all of them are necessary to be adjusted according to mechanism. For example, adjusting mechanism of optical element is often based on stepper motor, for stepper motor possesses high resolution ability, which can adjust mechanism to precise location. This study illustrates how motor system of our Taiwan Photon Source integrates adjusting mechanisms of stepper motor on beamline. In addition, the firmware of close-loop system is cooperated to further improve veracity of location.
The cavity is one of the main components of all accelerators, which is used to increase the energy level of charged particles (electrons, protons, etc.). The cavities increase the energy level of the charged particle by providing a suitable electric field to accelerate the charged particle. Here, information about electron beam welding analysis in 100 MHz cavities of ILSF design will be explained. According to studies performed in most accelerators in the world, connections in cavities are made by various methods such as explosive welding, brazing, electron beam welding, etc. Many articles on large cavities state that the connection of the side doors must be done by the electron beam welding process. However, in the present paper, the three-dimensional model of the cavity is imported into Simufact. Welding software after simplification and mesh process was done, and then the heat source of electron beam welding and other welding factors such as beam power, Gaussian distribution, etc. are applied in the software. The purpose of this study is the number of residual stresses during the EBW process in the 100 MHz cavity of ILSF.
A. Carballedo, J.J. Casas, C. Colldelram, G. Cuní, D. Heinis, J. Marcos, O. Matilla, J. Nicolás, A. Sánchez, N. Valls Vidal
ALBA-CELLS Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
N. Barrière, M.J. Collon, G. Vacanti
Cosine Measurement Systems, Warmond, The Netherlands
M. Bavdaz, I. Ferreira
ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
E. Handick, M. Krumrey, P. Mueller
PTB, Berlin, Germany
MINERVA is a new X-ray facility under construction at the ALBA synchrotron specially designed to support the development of the ATHENA (Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics) mission. The beamline design is originally based on the monochromatic pencil beam XPBF 2.0 from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), at BESSY II already in use at this effect. MINERVA will host the necessary metrology equipment to integrate the stacks produced by the cosine company in a mirror module (MM) and characterize their optical performances. From the opto-mechanical point of view, the beamline is made up of three main subsystems. First of all, a water-cooled multilayer toroidal mirror based on a high precision mechanical goniometer, then a sample manipulator constituted by a combination of linear stages and in-vacuum hexapod and finally an X-ray detector which trajectory follows a cylinder of about 12 m radius away from the MM. MINERVA is funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. MINERVA is today under construction and will be completed to operate in 2022.
S.H. Lee, W.G. Jansma, S. Sorsher, K.J. Suthar, E. Trakhtenberg, G.J. Waldschmidt, A. Zholents
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
A.E. Siy
UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Funding:Work support by Laboratory Directed Research and Development funding from Argonne National Lab, by the Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. An effort to build Argonne’s Sub-THz AcceleRator (A-STAR) for a future multiuser x-ray free-electron laser facility proposed in [1] is underway at Argonne National Laboratory. The A-STAR machine will utilize a compact collinear wakefield accelerator (CWA) assembled in modules. To extract the wakefield and monitor beam position downstream of each module, a 45-mm-long transition section (TS) has been proposed and designed. This paper will discuss the design and fabrication chal-lenges for production of the TS. *A. Zholents et al., "A conceptual design of a Compact Wakefield Accelerator for a high repetition rate multi user Xray Free-Electron Laser Facility," in Proc. IPAC’18, Canada, 2018, pp. 1266-1268.
S.H. Lee, D.S. Doran, W.G. Jansma, S. Sorsher, K.J. Suthar, E. Trakhtenberg, G.J. Waldschmidt, A. Zholents
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
A.E. Siy
UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Funding:Work supported by Laboratory Directed Research and Development from Argonne National Lab, provided by the Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357 Argonne National Laboratory is developing a Sub-THz AcceleRator (A-STAR) for a future multiuser x-ray free electron laser facility. The A-STAR machine will utilize a compact collinear wakefield accelerator (CWA) based on a miniature copper (Cu) corrugated waveguide as proposed*. The accelerator is designed to operate at a 20-kHz bunch repetition rate and will utilize the 180-GHz wakefield of a 10-nC electron drive bunch with a field gradient of 100 MVm’1 to accelerate a 0.3-nC electron witness bunch to 5 GeV. In this paper, we discuss specific challenges in the mechanical design of the CWA vacuum chamber module. The module consists of series of small quadrupole magnets with a high magnetic field gradient that houses a 2-mm diameter and 0.5-m-long corrugated tubing with brazed water-cooling channels and a transition section. The 45-mm-long transition section is used to extract the wakefield and to house a beam position monitor, a bellows assembly and a port to connect a vacuum pump. The CWA vacuum chamber module requires four to five brazing steps with filler metals of successively lower temperatures to maintain the integrity of previously brazed joints. *A. Zholents et al., "A conceptual design of a Compact Wakefield Accelerator for a high repetition rate multi user Xray Free-Electron Laser Facility," in Proc. IPAC’18, Canada, 2018, pp. 1266~1268.
J. Liu, M. Borland, T.K. Clute, J.S. Downey, M.S. Jaski, U. Wienands
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 APS Upgrade selected the horizontal injection scheme which requires exchanging the x and y emittances in the BTS transport line through a series of six skew quadrupoles, as well as matching the beam parameters to the APS Upgrade storage ring through two dipoles and a conventional pulsed septum. This paper presents the layout of this BTS line section in the storage ring tunnel and key components in this section including the mechanical design of dipole magnet, quadrupole and skew quad magnets, the vacuum system, the diagnostics system, and the supports. Finally, detailed mechanical design of this BTS line section in modules and some consideration for fabrication and installation are addressed.
K.J. Volin, R. Bechtold, A.K. Jain, W.G. Jansma, Z. Liu, J. Nudell, C.A. Preissner
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under Control DE-AC02-06CH11357. With APSU well into the procurement phase of the project, the APSU assembly team has completed a "DLMA Practice Assembly", comprising of the support system, and all magnets required to complete a module. The purpose of this test was to verify assembly and documentation procedures, ensure proper fit between mating components, and verify that alignment specifications can be met. The results of this exercise are presented. Though this test was completed on the Argonne site, work continues on building 981, the APSU offsite warehouse, where our first production plinths and girders have been shipped, and where production modules will be assembled. This space has been outfitted by Argonne contractors and APSU Assembly technicians with 1) 5 parallel DLM/FODO module assembly stations, each complete with a 3 tn. overhead crane, retractable cleanroom, staging tables, and tools, and 2) 2 QMQ module assembly stations each complete with a 5 tn. gantry crane, assembly support stands, staging tables, and tools. An overview of this production assembly space is also presented.
J.B. González Fernández, S.A. McDonald, K. Nygard, L.K. Roslund
MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Funding:The construction of the ForMAX beamline is funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. ForMAX is a new beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory for multi-scale structural characterization of hierarchical materials from nm to mm length scales with high temporal resolution. This is achieved by combining full-field microtomography with small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS) in a novel manner. The principal components of the endstation consist of two units of beam conditioning elements, a sample table, an evacuated flight tube and a detector gantry. The beam conditioning units include a diamond vacuum window, an attenuator system, a fast shutter, a slit collimation system, two sets of compound refractive lenses, three X-ray beam intensity monitors, a beam viewer and a telescopic vacuum tube. The sample table has been optimized with respect to flexibility and load capacity, while retaining sub-micron resolution of motion and high stability performance. The nine metre long and one metre diameter evacuated flight tube contains a motorised detector trolley, enabling the sample-detector position for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to be easily adjusted under vacuum conditions. Finally, a two metre high and two metre wide granite gantry permits independent and easy movement of the tomography microscope and wide-angle X-ray (WAXS) detector in and out of the X-ray beam. To facilitate propagation-based phase-contrast imaging and mounting of bulky sample environments, the gantry is mounted on motorized floor rails. All these characteristics will allow to combine multiple complementary techniques sequentially in the same experiment with fast efficient switching between setups. The ForMAX endstation is presently in the design and construction phase, with commissioning expected to commence early 2022.
R.R. Geraldes, C.S.N.C. Bueno, L.G. Capovilla, D. Galante, L.C. Guedes, L.M. Kofukuda, G.N. Kontogiorgos, F.R. Lena, S.A.L. Luiz, G.B.Z.L. Moreno, I.T. Neckel, C.A. Perez, A.C. Piccino Neto, A.C. Pinto, C. Sato, A.P.S. Sotero, V.C. Teixeira, H.C.N. Tolentino, W.H. Wilendorf, J.L. da Silva
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
Funding:Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) TARUMÃ is the sub-microprobe station of the CARNAÚBA (Coherent X-Ray Nanoprobe Beamline) beamline at Sirius Light Source at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). It has been designed to allow for simultaneous multi-analytical X-ray techniques, including diffraction, spectroscopy, fluorescence and luminescence and imaging, both in 2D and 3D. Covering the energy range from 2.05 to 15 keV, the fully-coherent monochromatic beam size varies from 550 to 120 nm after the achromatic KB (Kirkpatrick-Baez) focusing optics, granting a flux of up to 1e11ph/s/100mA at the probe for high-throughput experiments with flyscans. In addition to the multiple techniques available at TARUMÃ, the large working distance of 440 mm after the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) KB system allows for another key aspect of this station, namely, a broad range of decoupled and independent sample environments. Indeed, exchangeable modular setups outside vacuum allow for in situ, in operando, cryogenic and/or in vivo experiments, covering research areas in biology, chemistry, physics, geophysics, agriculture, environment and energy, to name a few. An extensive systemic approach, heavily based on precision engineering concepts and predictive design, has been adopted for first-time-right development, effectively achieving altogether: the alignment and stability requirements of the large KB mirrors with respect to the beam and to the sample*; and the nanometer-level positioning, flyscan, tomographic and setup modularity requirements of the samples. This work presents the overall station architecture, the key aspects of its main components, and the first commissioning results. * G.B.Z.L. Moreno et al. "Exactly constrained KB Mirrors for Sirius/LNLS Beamlines: Design and Commissioning of the TARUMÃ Station Nanofocusing Optics at the CARNAÚBA Beamline", presented at MEDSI’20, paper TUOB01, this conference.
S.J. Bean, P.N. Amann, M. Bartlein, Z. Cai, T. Graber, M. Holt, D. Shu
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:Used resources of the CNM and the APS, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility, operated for the DOE Office of Science by ANL under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. An enhancement design of an existing 26-ID nanoprobe [1] instrument (NPI) at APS is being completed as part of work for the APS-Upgrade (APS-U) project. As part of this enhancement design, a new vacuum chamber geometry configuration has been implemented that balances the desired simultaneous x-ray measurement methods with accessibility and serviceability of the nanoprobe. The main enabling feature on the vacuum chamber is a slanted mid-level vacuum sealing plane. The new chamber design geometrically optimizes the ability to perform simultaneous diffraction, fluorescence and optical or laser pump probe measurements on the sample. A large diffraction door geometry is strategically placed near the sample for ease of access. The newly designed chamber can be readily serviced by removal of the upper chamber section, on which most larger instrument assemblies or beamline attachments are not interfaced. The mechanical design intent and geometry of this chamber concept is described in this paper.
J.W.J. Anton, P. Pradhan, D. Shu, Yu. Shvyd’ko
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Wavefront preservation is essential for numerous X-ray science applications. Research is currently underway at the Advanced Photon Source to characterize and minimize Bragg-plane slope errors in diamond crystal optics*. Understanding the effect of cooling the optics to cryogenic temperatures on Bragg-plane slope errors is of interest to this research. Through the use of a finite element model a custom, compact vacuum chamber with liquid nitrogen cooling of samples was designed and manufactured. The design process and initial results are discussed in this paper. *P. Pradhan et al., J. of Synchrotron Radiation 6, 1553 (2020)
D.M. Bacescu, L. Berman, S. Hulbert, B. Ocko, Z. Yin
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
Funding:National Synchrotron Light Source II, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated by Brookhaven National Laboratory, under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. Open Platform and Liquids Scattering (OPLS) is a new experimental station recently built and currently being commissioned at the Soft Matter Interfaces (SMI) beamline 12-ID at NSLS-II. The new instrument expands SMI’s beamline scientific capabilities via the addition of X-ray scattering techniques from liquid surfaces and interfaces. The design of this new instrument, located inside the 12-ID beamline shielding enclosure (hutch B), is based on a single Ge (111) crystal deflector, which bounces the incident x-ray beam downward towards a liquid sample which must be maintained in a horizontal orientation (gravity-driven consideration). The OPLS instrument has a variable deflector-to-sample distance ranging from 0.6 m to 1.5 m. X-ray detectors are mounted on a 2-theta scattering arm located downstream of the sample location. The 2-theta arm is designed to hold up to three X-ray detectors, with fixed 2-theta angular offsets, each dedicated to a different X-ray technique such as X-ray reflectivity, grazing-incidence X-ray scattering, and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. Currently, the OPLS experimental station intercepts the SMI beam that otherwise propagates to the experimental endstation located in hutch C and can be retracted to a ’parking’ position laterally out of this beam to allow installation of a removable beam pipe that is needed to support operations in hutch C. The design of OPLS is flexible enough to quickly adapt to a planned future configuration of the SMI beamline in which a OPLS is illuminated separately from the main SMI branch via a second, canted undulator source and a separate photon delivery system. In this future configuration, both branches will be able to operate independently and simultaneously.
G.R. Rovigatti de Oliveira, H. Geraissate, R. Junqueira Leão
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
The new Brazilian Synchrotron Light Source had its first friendly users late in 2019. During 2020, the first experimental stations were aligned and had the first beam successfully at the sample. The reference network of points used for the storage ring alignment was connected to an external network located in the experimental hall. Following this step, it was possible to extend these references to the hutches environment, where the beamlines components are installed. During the alignment of the first beamlines, a sequence of common tasks was performed, from the bluelining of the hutches footprints, to the components fine alignment. The position and orientation deviation of the main components will be presented for the Manacá, Cateretê, Ema, and Carnaúba beamlines. Two specific measurement strategies used for aligning special components will also be presented: (1) an indirect fiducialization procedure developed for most of the mirrors and their mechanisms using a mix of coordinate measuring machine and articulated measuring arm measurements, and (2) a multi-station setup arranged for the alignment of a 30 meters long detector carriage, using a mix of laser tracker, physical artifacts, and a rotary laser alignment system used as a straightness reference.
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