ESRF Double Crystal Monochromator - Design and Working Modes
R. Baker, R. Barrett, P. Bernard, G. Berruyer, J. Bonnefoy, M. Brendike, L. Ducotté, H. Gonzalez, T. Roth, P. Tardieu
ESRF, Grenoble, France
The ESRF-Double Crystal Monochromator (ESRF-DCM) has been designed and developed in-house to enable several spectroscopy beamlines to exploit the full potential of the ESRF-EBS upgrade, implemented in 2019 - 2020. To reach concomitant beam positioning accuracy and stability, particular attention has been paid to mechanical and thermal stability, which has imposed the implementation of several innovative design concepts. To meet the extremely challenging specifications of the ESRF DCM implies not only high precision mechanical design, but also a mechatronic system enabling the active correction of the parallelism between crystals. Online metrology, associated with a controller capable of real-time signal processing have been implemented. A prototype has been partially validated and production of the first batch (two ESRF DCMs) is in progress. This presentation will give an overview of the DCM design principles and operating modes, then show how the calibration process is performed in situ on the beamline, using x-rays and associated instrumentation, and will explain the working principle of the active correction mode. To conclude, some characterisations of the DCM performances with x-rays will be presented.
A. Crisol, F. Bisti, C. Colldelram, M.L. Llonch, B. Molas, R. Monge, J. Nicolás, L. Nikitina, M. Quispe, L. Ribó, M. Tallarida
ALBA-CELLS Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
LOREA beamline (BL20) at ALBA Synchrotron is a new soft X-Ray beamline dedicated to investigate electronic structure of solids by means ARPES technique. Optical design has been developed in-house so as most of beamline core opto-mechanics like Monochromator. The design made for LOREA is based on a Hettrick-Underwood grating type that operates without entrance slit. Experience cumulated over years allowed to face the challenge of designing and building UHV Monochromator. The large energy range of LOREA (10-100 eV) requires a device with 3 mirrors and 4 gratings with variable line spacing to reduce aberrations. Monochromator most important part, gratings system, has been carefully designed to be isolated from external disturbances as cooling water, and at the same time having high performances. Deep analytical calculations and FEA simulations have been carried out, as well as testing prototypes. The most innovative part of Monochromator is gratings cooling with no vacuum guards or double piping that are well-known source of troubles. Heat load is removed by copper straps in contact with a temperature controller device connected to fixed water lines. In addition, motion mechanics and services (cabling, cooling) are independent systems. Designs involved give high stability (resonance modes over 60Hz) and angular resolution below 0.1 µrad over 11° range. On mirrors side, it has been used gonio mechanics from MIRAS* plus an eutectic InGa interface between cooling and optics to decouple them. Grating and mirror holders are fully removable from main mechanics to be able to assembled at lab measuring to achieve the best fit. Instrument has been already assembled and motions characterization or stability measurements are giving expected results matching with specifications. * L. Ribó et al., "MECHANICAL DESIGN OF MIRAS, INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY BEAM LINE AT ALBA SYNCHROTRON", presented at MEDSI’16, Barcelona, Spain, September 2016, doi:10.18429/JACoW-MEDSI2016-FRAA03
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A new IR beamline has been scheduled at TPS beam-line construction Phase III. The new beamline optical design is following the structure of the existed TLS IR beamline. However, the focusing mirrors has to be re-deign according to different situation. These KB type mirrors (HFM and VFM) are same thickness flat stain-less plates assembled with bending arms and bended with single motor each to fit quintic polynomial surface pro-files for focusing and also modifying arc source effect of bending section. For a same thickness plate in addition with the bending arms effect to form a desired polynomi-al surface profile, it demands specific width distribution. With the drawing method and FEM iteration simulation, the optimized surface polynomial equation and width distribution design of the mirror plates were defined. The detailed design sequences will be described in this paper.
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Cryogenic Systems for Optical Elements Cooling at Sirius/LNLS
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M. Saveri Silva, M.P. Calcanha, G.V. Claudiano, A.F.M. Fontoura, B.A. Francisco, L.M. Kofukuda, F.R. Lena, F. Meneau, G.B.Z.L. Moreno, G.L.M.P. Rodrigues, L. Sanfelici, H.C.N. Tolentino, L.M. Volpe
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
J.H. Řežende
CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Funding:Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) Sirius, the Brazilian 4th-generation light source at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), presents high-performance requirements in terms of preserving photon-beam quality, particularly regarding wavefront integrity and position stability. In this context, it is imperative that many silicon optical elements* be effectively cooled, such that temperatures and their control-related parameters can be precisely handled to the point in which thermal effects are acceptable concerning figure distortions and drifts at different timescales. For this class of precision equipment, the required performance can only be achieved with robust thermal management.** For this, relevant aspects related to the implementation of liquid nitrogen cooling systems need to be emphasized. Currently, two solutions are present at the first-phase beamlines, according to the component thermal load: (1) an in-house low-cost system for components under moderate loads (< 50 W), such as the mirror systems and the four-bounce monochromators, comprising a commercial cryostat connected to an instrumented vessel, whose level and pressure are controlled by the standard beamline automation system that can automatically feed it from a secondary service unit or a dedicated transfer line; (2) a commercial cryocooler for high-heat-load applications (50 - 3000 W), such as the double-crystal monochromators. This work presents the in-house solution: requirements, design aspects, operation range, as well as several discoveries and improvements deployed during the commissioning of the CATERETÊ and the CARNAÚBA beamlines, such as the prevention of ice formation, stabilization of both thermal load and flow-rate, and auto-filling parameters, among others. *TOLENTINO. Innovative instruments (…) for the CARNAÚBA beamline at Sirius-LNLS. SRI (2018). **VOLPE. Performance validation of the thermal model for optical components. Submit to MEDSI (2020)
Commissioning and Prospects of the High-Dynamic DCMs at Sirius/LNLS
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R.R. Geraldes, J.L. Brito Neto, R.M. Caliari, M.A.S. Eleoterio, S.A.L. Luiz, M.A.L. Moraes, A.V. Perna, M.S. Silva, G.S. de Albuquerque
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
Funding:Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) The High-Dynamic Double-Crystal Monochromator (HD-DCM)*,** is an opto-mechatronic system with unique architecture, and deep paradigm changes as compared to traditional beamline monochromators. Aiming at unmatching scanning possibilities and positioning stability in vertical-bounce DCMs, it has been developed since 2015 for hard X-ray beamlines at Sirius Light Source at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). Two units are currently operational at the MANACA (macromolecular crystallography) and the EMA (extreme conditions) undulator beamlines, whereas a model for extended scanning capabilities in the energy range between 3.1 to 43 keV, the so-called HD-DCM-Lite, is in advanced development stage for two new beamlines, namely: QUATI (quick absorption spectroscopy), with a bending-magnet source; and SAPUCAIA (small-angle scattering), with an undulator source. In this work, online commissioning and operating results of the HD-DCMs are presented with emphasis on: the 10 nrad RMS (1 Hz - 2.5 kHz) pitch-parallelism performance; energy calibration; energy-dependent beam motion at sample; and flyscan with monochromator-undulator synchronization, which is a well-known control challenge at beamlines. To conclude, the Sirius HD-DCM family prospects, including the HD-DCM-Lite, are discussed. *Geraldes, R. R., et al. "The New High-dynamics DCM for Sirius." Proc. of MEDSI 2016. **Geraldes, R. R., et al. "The Status of the New High-Dynamic DCM for Sirius." Proc. of MEDSI 2018.
Stability Performance of the Cryocooled Horizontal Double Crystal Monochromator for DanMAX
L. Mateos
FMB Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
The new 4th generation storage rings beamlines with improved smaller emittance require an increasingly vibrational stability on every beamline component to maintain a high beam quality. The horizontal double crystal monochromators (H-DCM) are specially well suited for these, providing an outstanding beam energy and position stability while coping with high power loads and maintaining UHV conditions. FMB Oxford has recently delivered a new generation cryocooled H-DCM for DanMAX beamline at MAX IV, this is an evolved version of the previous designs already installed at MAX IV and other facilities*. The redesign features have improved the excellent stability performance of the system and its usability. Particularly, it includes an axial cooling feedthrough which allow the cooling lines to the optics to remain short and they don’t need to accommodate the scanning motion of the crystal cage. After the system was installed in the optics hutch of DanMAX, onsite measurements at operating conditions were performed achieving a relative pitch stability of 22nrad RMS and a vertical stability as low as 3.30nrad RMS. We are awaiting beam stability results to correlate with our findings. *P. Kristiansen et al., J. Synchrotron Rad. (2016). 23, 1076-1081
Mechanical Design of a Soft X-Ray Beam Position Monitor for the Coherent Soft X-Ray Scattering Beamline
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C. Eng, S. Hulbert, C. Mazzoli, B. Podobedov
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
D. Donetski, J. Liu
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
Funding:U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science Contract No. DE-SC0012704. Achieving photon beam stability, a critical property of modern synchrotron beamlines, requires a means of high resolution, non-invasive photon beam position measurement. While such measurement techniques exist for hard x-ray beamlines, they have yet to be achieved for soft x-ray beamlines. A new soft X-ray beam position monitor (SXBPM) design based on GaAs detector arrays is being developed and will be installed in the first optical enclosure of the Coherent Soft X-ray Scattering (CSX) beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). The SXBPM assembly contains four water-cooled blade assemblies, each of which will have a GaAs detector assembly mounted within it, that can be inserted into the outer edges of the CSX undulator beam with sub-micron accuracy and resolution. The primary challenges in design of the SXBPM include: 1) mechanical stability of the assembly, 2) management of the heat load from the undulator x-ray beam to protect GaAs detector assemblies from unwanted illumination, 3) assembly compactness to fit within the first optical enclosure (FOE) of the CSX beamline, and 4) accessibility for modifications. Balancing the unique design requirements of the SXBPM along with their associated constraints has resulted in the design of a non-invasive beam position monitor which will be installed in the CSX FOE as a prototype for testing and iterative improvement. The ultimate goal is development of a widely useful SXBPM instrument for soft X-ray beamlines at high brightness synchrotron storage ring facilities worldwide. The following work seeks to present an overview of the current design of the SXBPM and an analysis of the challenges encountered and the proposed solutions by which they will be addressed.
Diamond Refractive Optics Fabrication by Laser Ablation and at-Wavelength Testing
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S.P. Antipov, E. Gomez
Euclid TechLabs, Solon, Ohio, USA
R. Celestre, T. Roth
ESRF, Grenoble, France
Funding:SBIR grant #DE-SC0013129 The next generation light sources will require x-ray optical components capable of handling large instantaneous and average power densities while tailoring the properties of the x-ray beams for a variety of scientific experiments. Diamond being radiation hard, low Z material with outstanding thermal properties is proposed for front pre-focusing optics applications. Euclid Techlabs had been developing x-ray refractive diamond lens to meet this need. Standard deviation of lens shape error figure gradually was decreased to sub-micron values. Post-ablation polishing procedure yields ~ 10nm surface roughness. In this paper we will report on recent developments towards beamline-ready lens including packaging and compound refractive lens stacking. Diamond lens fabrication is done by femtosecond laser micromachining. We had been using this technology for customization of other beamline components. Several application cases will be highlighted in this presentation: diamond anvils, x-ray flow cells and in-beam mirrors.
Instrumentation Development, Evaluation & Analysis (IDEA) Beamline for the APS-U
M.G. Frith, T. Graber, D. Haeffner, M.J. Highland, M. Ramanathan, O.A. Schmidt, R. Winarski
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:Used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. DOE Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Instrumentation Development, Evaluation & Analysis Beamline (IDEA Beamline) will characterize the performance of the state-of-the-art X-ray optics and devices planned for the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U). The expected two orders of magnitude increase in brightness along with the increased power density due to the circular aspect ratio of the X-ray beam produced by the Multi-bend Achromat (MBA) magnetic lattice in the upgraded storage ring will set new demanding performance requirements on optical components. The upgrade offers a coherent source that many beamlines will utilize for proposed experimental studies, and it is essential that the chosen optics preserve the coherence of the X-ray beam from undulator to sample. The scientific goal of the IDEA Beamline is to obtain performance metrics for proposed beamline optics and components for the APS-U to ensure the best performance of both the planned featured beamlines and the enhanced beamlines. Questions being explored at the IDEA beamline are wavefront and coherence preservation, monochromator stability, optics surface quality, and effects of high heat loads on optical components. One of the objectives is to directly map monochromator vibration and crystal surface roughness to wavefront degradation. Currently the APS-U does not have a suitable testing location for X-ray optics and components that provides the necessary flux or brightness to simulate the planned APS-U source. The IDEA beamline fills this gap. Measurements will simulate the expected MBA upgraded operating conditions for the tested systems and the data obtained will be used to validate, optimize, or re-engineer for best possible performance.
Beamline Alignment and Characterization with an Autocollimator
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M.V. Fisher, A.A. Khan, J.J. Knopp
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Funding:Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility, operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. An electronic autocollimator is a valuable tool that can assist in the alignment of optical beamline components such as mirrors and monochromators. It is also a powerful tool for in situ diagnoses of the mechanical behavior of such components. This can include the repeatability of crystals, gratings, and mirrors as they are rotated; the parasitic errors of these same optical elements as they are rotated and/or translated; and the repeatability and parasitic errors as bendable mirrors are actuated. The autocollimator can even be used to establish a secondary reference if such components require servicing. This paper will provide examples of such alignments, diagnoses, and references that have been made with an autocollimator on existing and recently commissioned beam-lines at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). In addition, this paper will discuss how this experience influenced the specifications and subsequent designs of the new primary high-heat-load mirror systems (PHHLMS) that are currently under fabrication for six of the APS Up-grade (APS-U) feature beamlines. Each mirror was specified to provide in situ line-of-sight access for an autocollimator to either the center of the mirror’s optical surface or to a smaller polished surface centered on the backside of each mirror substrate. This line of sight will be used for initial alignment of the mirror and will be available for in situ diagnoses if required in the future.
Performance of a Double Crystal Monochromator Prototype for HEPS under Water Cooling Condition at a Wiggler Beamline of BSRF
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H. Liang, W.F. Sheng, H. Shi, Y.M. Yang, L.R. Zheng
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Funding:This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No.11905243). The performance of monochromator is crucial to the performance of a beamline, especially for a 4th genera-tion synchrotron light source. To find out the perfor-mance of the monochromator prototype built for the HEPS project, it was tested at a wiggler beamline of BSRF with water cooling. The cooling of the crystals was measured by rocking curve broadening at different energy and cooling seems to be not enough due to indium foils. The repeatability in 1 hour was about 0.1 eV. The energy drift in 9 hours after the beam hit the beam-line was 0.4 eV at the Cu K edge. The short-term stability was tested with synchrotron beam under various cooling condition, and results between 4.4 nrad to around 400 nrad were observed. In conclusion, some performances are satisfying, but further improvements should be carried out in the future.
Beamline Design Consideration on the Thermal Deformation for High Energy Photon Source
F.G. Yang, Y.H. Dong, L. Gao, M. Li, W.F. Sheng, H.R. Wang, X.W. Zhang
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Funding:This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11505212, No. 11875059); Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences. To exploit the high quality of the X-ray beam generated by the new advanced light source, high precision optics instruments are necessary. However, the heat-loading optics including monochromator and white beam mirror have been a big issue, which introduces the wavefront distortion. In this paper, we present the effect of the thermal deformation on the beamline performance, and show the simulation results in our new high energy source - HEPS. Accordingly, the requirement of the thermal deformation is provided for different application.
The Beamline Motor Control System of Taiwan Photon Source
232
C.F. Chang, C.Y. Liu
NSRRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Different experiments have different features, so does the optical design; however, all of them are necessary to be adjusted according to mechanism. For example, adjusting mechanism of optical element is often based on stepper motor, for stepper motor possesses high resolution ability, which can adjust mechanism to precise location. This study illustrates how motor system of our Taiwan Photon Source integrates adjusting mechanisms of stepper motor on beamline. In addition, the firmware of close-loop system is cooperated to further improve veracity of location.
The Fizeau System Instrument at ALBA Optics Laboratory
235
L.R.M. Ribó, D. Alloza, C. Colldelram, J. Nicolás, I. Šics
ALBA-CELLS Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
The ALBA optics laboratory has recently acquired a new Zygo Verifire HD Fizeau interferometer. The instrument has been integrated into a positioning stage to allow stitching of long x-ray optical elements. The mechanical set up, with four axes, allows for automatic positioning and alignment of the interferometer aperture to the surface under test. The longitudinal movement allows for scan of X-ray mirrors up to 1500 m long. The positioning platform includes two angles, roll and yaw, and two translations, vertical and longitudinal translations. The longitudinal translation is a custom designed linear stage. The yaw rotation is based on a sine arm mechanism. The vertical and roll motions are combined in a single stage, closely integrated around the main linear stage. The system reaches repeatabilities better than 1 µm or 1 µrad for all axes. The system is mounted on top of a vibration isolated bench in the clean room of the laboratory. The control software of the instrument allow direct control of every individual axis, and allows selecting the center of rotation for both roll and yaw. The system includes inclinometers and autocollimators to control the relative orientation between the interferometer and the mirror under test. The system is integrated to the software of the interferometer, and includes features for automatic alignment of the interferometer to the mirror, or for automatic stitching acquisition, with selectable parameters. The system allows for full three-dimensional characterization of the optical surface of mirrors and gratings, and provides height map reconstructions with accuracy in the order of 1 nm, for flat or curved surfaces with lengths up to 1500 mm.
